'The Land of 10,000 Lakes', Minnesota
 
(L) Palisade Head on Lake Superior (R) The aerial lift bridge at Duluth,
a port town of Lake Superior
Minnesota is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States.The
state population is estimated
as 5.2 million. Nearly sixty percent of residents live in the Minneapolis-Saint
Paul Metropolitan area,
known as 'Twin Cities', which is the center of transportation, business,
industry and education.
  
(L) The IDS Tower, the tallest building, reflecting Wells Fargo Center,
Minneapolis
(M) A public transit vehicle in Minneapolis, Minnesota (R) Minneapolis
Institute of Arts
The state is known for its moderate to progressive politics and social
policies, civic involvement, and
high voter turnout. Minnesota is ranking among the healthiest states, and
has a highly literate population.
Minnesotans have the nation's lowest premature death rate, third-lowest
infant mortality rate, and the
second-longest life expectancies. According to the U.S. Census Bureau,
91% of residents in Minnesota
are covered by their health insurance, more than in any other state. These
and other measures have
led two groups to rank Minnesota as the fourth healthiest state in the
nation.
 
(L)The common Loon A distinctive cry is heard during the summer months
in the northern part of the Minnesota state.
(R) Phelps Mill in Otter Tail County, Minnesota
 
(L) Map of Minnesota's population change This map shows a steady increase
in population in the Minneapolis Metropolitan Area.
(R) Laurentian Mixed Forest, Minnesota
Medical care is provided by a comprehensive network of hospitals and clinics,
headed by two institutions
with international reputations. The University of Minnesota, School of
Medicine is a highly rated teaching
institution, that has made a number of breakthroughs in treatment, and
its research activities contribute
significantly to the state's growing biotechnology. Mayo Clinic, a world-renowned
medical practice, is
based in Rochester.
アメリカ合衆国の中西部の州、ミネソタ、州都、セントポ−ル( St.Paul )市とミシシッピ川を挟んで隣接する
ミネアポリス( Minneapolis )市とを合わせて「Twin Cities 」と呼ばれている。名実共にミネソタ州の中心地
である。両市で約250万人の人口をもつ。州の北東部にはスペリオール湖があり、非常に美しい地域である。
しかし、冬の気温はマイナス20度を下回る日があり、「アメリカの冷蔵庫」との異名がある。大陸性の気候の
ため、夏は必ずしも涼しいとも言えず、気温が３０度を超える日も少なくない。筆者は車による米国・カナダ
大陸従横断旅行の途中、1962年7月に「Twin Cities」などを訪れている。
Source: University of Texas Libraries
Minnesota's new statewide smoking ban 2007
Freedom to Breathe Act
The Freedom to Breathe Act of 2007 is a piece of Minnesota legislation
that restricts the act of
smoking tobacco products in public places. It amends sections of Minnesota
Clean Indoor Air Act
of 1975. This act protects the public from the hazardous secondhand-smoke
by banning smoking
in public places.
The need for policy change was fueled by facts of what secondhand smoke
does to the human body.
Secondhand-smoke, also referred to as environmental tobacco smoke, is a
complex mixture of
chemicals from gas exhaled by a smoker and from a lit tobacco product.
Tobacco smoke
contains thousands of chemicals, that include more than 50 known cancer
causing agents, and
include 200 poisons. Numerous studies have confirmed that exposure to secondhand-smoke
causes
many serious illnesses in nonsmokers, such as heart disease, respiratory
problems, low birth weight,
and sudden infant death. Secondhand-smoke is estimated to be responsible
for 3,000 deaths from
lung cancer per annum among nonsmokers in the United States. Secondhand
smoke also accounts
for up to 62,000 heart disease related deaths every year.
The Minnesota law applies to bars, restaurants, private clubs, lobbies
of hotels and motels, public
transportation, taxis, and smaller commercial vehicles carrying more than
one person.
State law does not address smoking outdoors, but some local ordinances
may prohibit smoking
near the entrances.
Smoking is permitted in the following places:
- A specified rooms in residential health care facilities.
- A separated, well-ventilated area of locked psychiatric units.
- Specified areas for use in peer-reviewed scientific studies related to
smoking.
- Private homes and residences when they are not in use as a place of employment.
- Hotel and motel guest rooms
- Tobacco-product shops for sampling products
- Heavy commercial vehicles
- Farm vehicles and construction equipment.
- Buildings on family farms
- A rest camp for disabled veterans
- Smoking is also permitted by Native Americans as part of a traditional
Native American
- spiritual or cultural ceremony and by actors as part of a theatrical performance.
Punishment for violations of the smoking ban is a petty misdemeanor with
fines up to $300.
The owner of a bar or restaurant could face a similar fine for violations,
as well as penalties up to
the fine of $10,000.
Minnesota Department of Health
Source: Star Tribune, Minnesota, September 30, 2007 and others
ミネソタ州でレストラン、カフェ、バーを全面禁煙に
2007年10月、ミネソタ州でレストラン、バー、クラブ、ホテルやモーテルのロビー、公共交通機関、
タクシーを全面禁煙とする受動喫煙防止法を実施した。インデアンカジノ、ホテルおよびモーテルの
喫煙客室、鍵のかかる精神病棟はこの法令の適応外とした。
ミネソタ州の喫煙規制法では屋外での喫煙規制は行わないが、地域の条例にて出入口近辺での
喫煙禁止を可とした。また地域の条例で禁止しない限り、レストランやバー屋外で喫煙する席を
設けることを認めた。法令違反の場合は罰金３００ドルが科せられる。経営者には最高10,000ドル
の罰金となる。
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Total Smoking Ban in USA and Canada.
 Smoke-free BC Canada ブリティシュ・コロンビア州でレストラン・バーを全面禁煙
Smoking Ban in Public and Work places in Alberta アルバータ州でレストラン・バーを全面禁煙
Smoking Ban in Saskatchewan サスカチワン州でレストラン・バーを全面禁煙
Nonsmokers Health Protection Act, Manitoba マニトバ州でレストラン・バーを全面禁煙
Smoke-free Ontario Act オンタリオ州でレストラン・バーを全面禁煙
Tobaco Control in Quebec ケベック州でレストラン・バーを全面禁煙
Smoke-free Places Act, New Brunswick ニューブランズウィク州でレストラン・バーを全面禁煙
Smoke-free Places Act, Nova Scotia ノバスコシア州でレストラン・バーを全面禁煙
 Smoking Ban in New Jersey ニュージャージー州レストラン・バーを全面禁煙
Smoke-free Illinois Act イリノイ州でレストラン・バーを全面禁煙
Smoking Ban in California 1998・カリフォルニア州でレストラン・バーを全面禁煙
Beverly Hills banned in all outdoor dining areas ビバリーヒルズではテラス席も禁煙
Smoking Ban in a condominium of California カリフォルニア州で賃貸住宅内の喫煙を禁止
Smoking Ban in the State of Washingtonワシントン州でレストラン・バーを全面禁煙
Smoking Ban in Oregon オレゴン州でレストラン・バーを全面禁煙
Montana passed statewide smoking Ban モンタナ州でレストラン・バーを全面禁煙
Colorado Clean Indoor Air Act コロラド州でレストラン・バーを全面禁煙
Smoking Ban in Arizona アリゾナ州でレストラン・バーを全面禁煙
Smoking Ban in the State of Maine メイン州でレストラン・バーを全面禁煙
Smoking Ban in Vermont バーモント州・ニューハンプシャー州でレストラン・バーを全面禁煙
Smoking Ban in the Ｍassachusetts state.マサチューセッツ州でレストラン・バーを全面禁煙
Smoking Ban in New York ニューヨーク州でレストラン・バーを全面禁煙
Smoking Ban in Maryland メリーランド州でレストラン・バーを全面禁煙
Smoking Ban in Washington,D.C.ワシントン市（ＤＣ）でレストラン・バーを全面禁煙
Smoking Ban in Minnesota ミネソタ州レストラン・バーを全面禁煙
Smoking Ban in Delaware デラウェア州レストラン・バーを全面禁煙
Smoking Ban in Ohio オハイオ州レストラン・バーを全面禁煙
Smoking Ban in Iowa アイオア州レストラン・バーを全面禁煙
Smoking Ban in Utah ユタ州レストラン・バーを全面禁煙
Smoking Ban in Rhode Island ロードアイランド州レストラン・バーを全面禁煙
Smoking Ban in Nevada ネバタ州レストラン、公共建物を全面禁煙
Smoking Ban in Virginia タバコ産業の根拠地、バージニア州レストランを全面禁煙
Smoking Ban in Michigan ミシガン州でレストラン・バーを全面禁煙
Smoking Ban in Wisconsin ウイスコンシン州でレストラン・バーを全面禁煙
 2008年9月執筆 2009年11月英文加筆
禁煙席ネット主宰 医学博士 宮本順伯
記事の著作権は宮本順伯に帰属
★「禁煙席ネット」へのリンクは自由
The article was written in September 2008, by Junhaku Miyamoto, M.D., PhD.
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