(L) Children are playing in the north shore beach of the Kauai Island, Hawaii.
(R) The Central Park, Manhattan, New York serves as an oasis for visitors.


Smoking in parks, on beaches and street should be banned.

The ministers announced that displays of cigarettes and other tobacco products will have to
be removed at the point of sale, which means they will have to be sold from 'under the counter'.
Further restrictions will also be introduced to ensure children cannot buy cigarettes from
vending machines, through the use of tokens, electronic ID cards or remote control activation
of the machines by the shopkeeper or landlord.

The bans on smoking in enclosed public places came into effect in England in July 2007 after
similar moves in the rest of the UK and certain outdoor spaces like railway platforms and
health service building grounds also prohibit smoking outside. George Tomson and colleagues
at the University of Otago, in Wellington, New Zealand said: "The central argument is that
outdoor bans will reduce smoking being modeled to children as normal behavior and thus
cut the uptake of smoking. The outdoor smoke-free policies may, in some circumstances,
such as crowded locations like sports stadiums, reduce the health effects of secondhand smoke.
It will reduce fires and litter; and are likely to help smokers' attempts at quitting.

Mr. Thomson and his colleagues said research has shown the British public favor greater
restrictions on outdoor smoking where there are children. Simon Chapman, professor of
public health at the University of Sydney, Australia argued against the idea. He said:
"The ethics here are about respect for the autonomy of individuals to act freely, providing
their actions do not harm others.
Source: Rebecca Smith, Telegraph.co.uk, December 11, 2008.


公園、街路、海岸での喫煙禁止

要約　タバコは消費者の視線から避けた形で保管し、目立たないように販売すべきだ。子供たちが
自動販売機でタバコを買えないようにＩＤカードなどを使用すべきである。英国でも鉄道ホーム、
保健施設などの屋外での喫煙禁止が実行されているが、屋外喫煙の禁止は子供たちを悪い習慣
から遠ざけ、喫煙し始めることを防止出来る。混雑した屋外での喫煙禁止はタバコ有害煙を防止し、
火災や吸い殻が街を汚す弊害を排除でき、喫煙者に禁煙を促す機会を与える。英国国民は
子供のいる屋外での喫煙禁止に賛成している。しかし、シドニー大学のチャップマン教授は喫煙行為
が他人の健康を害する場面を除いて、屋外では喫煙者の自由なモラルに委ねるべきと話している。


Pedestrians are smoking while walking in Manhattan, New York, and in Kona, Big Island, Hawaii.


New York smoking ban may be taken outside.

Smokers in the land of the free are finding themselves increasingly less free to pursue
their habit. New York City officials are the latest to consider banning smoking in their
parks and outside space. Cigarette makers Phillip Morris USA did not like the idea at all.
"We believe that smoking should be permitted outdoors except in very particular
circumstances, such as outdoor areas primarily designated for children," a company
spokesman said. Such bans to remain rare but are increasing, with California in the vanguard.
State legislators there have prohibited smoking in all state parks and on parts of beaches,
two years after Los Angeles extended its existing ban on playgrounds and beaches to parks.
Chicago still allows smoking in many of its parks, but bans it at beaches and playgrounds.
New York banned smoking in most restaurants in 1995, followed by prohibition in workplaces
and indoor public places in 2003, three years before bans came into force in Scotland and
four years before they were introduced in England and Wales. The Department of Health
in England said today it had no plans to extend smokefree areas, saying such moves were
up to local authorities.
Source: Guardian.co.uk. September 15, 2009.

New York City outdoor smoking ban begins.

Smokers in New York City will not be able to put the light on without paying　a price in most public
places after an outdoor citywide smoking ban took effect in May 2011. The law, which Mayor Michael
Bloomberg signed in February after it was passed by the New York City Council, will make smoking
illegal in New York City's 1,700 parks and on the city's 14 miles of public beaches. Smoking will also
be prohibited in pedestrian plazas like Times Square.

New York passed its first 'Smoke Free Air Act' in 1988, when smoking was banned in public restrooms
and taxicabs. Since then, the law has been amended three times, most notably in 2002, when smoking
in some indoor areas, including restaurants and bars, was banned.
Reference :CNN News, May 23, 2011

Information board notifying the smoking restriction on the street in the Chiyoda Ward,
which calls itself Chiyoda City, and its name came from Chiyoda castle of the Imperial Palace.


Smoking on roads enhances the risk to a pedestrian.

Smoking has been banned on the streets of Tokyo's Chiyoda Ward since October 2002.
The streets in the Chiyoda ward are patrolled by Inspectors in a yellow jacket, and when
they find a smoker, fine \2000 for violations. The total amount of fine collected by the ward
in the past 6 years reached to the amount of 94 million yen. Sixty municipalities, whose
residents comprise 10% of Japan's population, have regulations to ban or discourage smoking
on the street. However, only three municipalities assess fines for violations.



Inspectors handed out $20 tickets to smokers on downtown sidewalks of Chiyoda Ward, Tokyo.

Smoking in the street is very dangerous because the burning end of tobacco is often at the children's eye level.
Source: NHK broadcast.


路上喫煙禁止条例　 2002年に全国で初めて路上喫煙を禁じる条例を施行した東京都千代田区で
千代田区が始めた歩行者用道路での喫煙規制（禁止）条例は、今日本全国に広がっている。
千代田区が施行後６年間の過料徴収総額は９４００万円と、一億円近くに達している。規制範囲も
皇居を除く、ほぼ全域の範囲に広げた。世界の頂点を行く優れた屋外喫煙規制である。しかし、
「道路で吸えないので喫茶店に入って吸う」という、非常な奇妙な現象が起こっており、こうした
規制の逆転化に対し一般の人々は疑問を抱いていない。

タバコ副流煙の有害性を危惧するよりは、手に持ったタバコの火の危険性や、タバコの煙が流れて
きた時に感じる不快感が前面に出て来ているためと思われる。あたりかまわずタバコをポイ捨てする
喫煙者に対する反感は非常に強い。タバコの煙は屋外で、少なくとも６メートル以上流れて行くので、
米国ハワイ州、イリノイ州などで出入口周辺での喫煙を禁止している。しかし、外国では路上での
歩行喫煙を禁止しているところはほとんどない。

屋内の方がタバコ副流煙に含まれる発癌物質などの濃度は高いので屋内での喫煙禁止を先ず
先行するのが道筋と考えられる。だが、路上禁煙条例を普及させた一方で,屋内の全面禁煙規制は
非常に遅れている。世界では閉鎖空間内での全面禁煙が進む中、日本では全面禁煙でなく喫煙
と禁煙スペースをを分離する対策で満足していることが多い。この点、日本は喫煙規制の点では
世界でも極めて特異な存在になっている。


Women in Tokyo residential area complaint about smokers that they make air dirty and throw away
cigarette end everywhere. Anger is not the word. We see smokers with utmost contempt.
どこにでもポイ捨てする喫煙者に怒りをあらわにする地元住民
画像引用: 2008.10.31.NHK放映「近所の底力：タバコのマナー」

No cigarette butts, no trashes on the sidewalk of Chiyoda City, by beside of Emperial Palace.
Photographed in December 2009.

---

Tobacco Industry is using Aggressive Street and Sidewalk-
Smoking Bans to Prevent Indoor Smoking Bans,
including those in Bars and Restaurants.

---

An enlightening article by Dr. Simon Chapman in the current issue of Tobacco Control presents the surprising news that Japan Tobacco Inc. is supporting strict and aggressive street smoking bans in Japan, in order to foil to prevent clean indoor air policy?

タバコ会社が屋外の禁煙活動を支援

At the first blush, it might seem to shock that a tobacco company would support such draconian
smoking bans. However, on closer examination, it turns out that the tobacco industry's support for
these measures in Japan is actually a foil as Chapman calls it - an attempt to re-frame the
issue so that attention is diverted from efforts to ban smoking indoors: in workplaces, including
bars and restaurants.

As the article explains: "Senior Japan Tobacco representatives have been enthusiastic supporters
of the street smoking bans, while maintaining staunch opposition to indoor smoking bans. Dr Yumiko
Mochizuki of National Cancer Center Reseach Institute of Japan suggests that the intense support
of the policy by the company may suggest it sees the street ban as an important foil to hold off
indoor bans. Because of the smaller number of cumulative "smoking hours" available, the number
of cigarettes forgone, because of that street smoking bans, would be incomparably smaller than
would be caused by indoor workplace bans, including those in bars and restaurants.

By supporting street bans, Japan Tobacco would calculate that it could ride the popular wave
of Japanese anti-litter sentiment, basking in civic-minded corporate social responsibility. In doing
so, it helps contribute to the continuing framing of public smoking as an issue of manners and
consideration, cleanliness and safety, while its role in chronic disease is sidelined. Mochizuki argues
that Japanese model may well be being promoted as the way to go elsewhere in the often crowded
cities of Asia."

This story should give anti-tobacco advocates in the U.S. some pause. I have argued that the
ever-increasingly aggressive attempts to ban smoking almost everywhere - including the wide-
open outdoors - is going to harm our efforts to ban smoking in workplaces where people actually
need the protection. For one thing, it diverts attention from chronic exposure to secondhand
smoke and puts the sole focus on acute, even fleeting exposures. Second, it casts us as
anti-smoking zealots who are trying to eliminate all public smoking. Third, it takes us away from
a strong scientific base. Fourth, it risks losing our credibility by asking the public to accept
increasingly hysterical claims.

When you see tobacco companies starting to support a policy, you better seriously
reexamine your support for those policies. If the tobacco industry truly felt that street smoking
bans would enhance the overall goal of protecting people from secondhand smoke, it would
certainly not support these measures. Perhaps the industry is banking on a backlash and/or
on a diversion of attention.

My own prediction is that the movement's new obsession with trying to extend smoking bans
to the outdoors, including parks, streets, and sidewalks is going to backfire by diverting
attention away from the need for bans on smoking in the workplace and from the effort to
extend protection to all workers in bars, restaurants, and casinos. That's where our attention
should be not on trying to protect fleeting exposure from any whiff of smoke in a public park,
street, or sidewalk.

Dr. Chapman* is the Professor of University of Sydney, School of Public Health. His
commentary helps to elucidate why my opinion-editorial in the New York Daily News was so
important. Exaggerated health claims and the support of draconian policies that are not
based on scientific evidence are hurting, not helping the smoke-free cause.
Source: Tobacco Control. 2009;18:418. (New York Daily News)
* Dr. Chapman gave us a special guest speech at the Annual Meeting of Japan Society for tobacco Control
held in Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan, in September 2009.


要約　タバコ会社が屋外の禁煙活動を支援していると聞いたらショックを受けるだろう。しかし、
よく観察吟味してみると、日本のタバコ会社は国内での屋内レストランやバーに於ける全面禁煙を
実行し、労働者の健康を守ろうという国民の関心をそぐために、そのエネルギーを屋外に向け
させている。タバコ会社の上級役員は屋内での全面禁煙には強い反対を維持しながら屋外喫煙
防止には力を入れている。国立がんセンター研究所の望月久美子博士は、タバコ会社のこうした
動向は屋内全面禁煙への尽力を幻惑するための重要なステップだと語る。屋外喫煙を防止した
方がレストランやバーなどの屋内喫煙を禁止するよりもタバコ消費量の落ち込みは少なくて済む。
タバコ会社は街頭での喫煙行為禁止を支持することにより街の清掃活動に便乗し、禁煙支持の
活動家と共に社会の一員としての責務を担っていると広報している。タバコはマナー、街の美観の
問題として、この日本モデルをアジアの他の地域で広めようとさえしている。

広々とした屋外での熱狂的な喫煙禁止運動は、屋内職場で本当に必要としている人々をタバコ
有害煙 の脅威から救おうとしているわれわれの運動を阻害するのではないかとの疑問がある。
屋外での喫煙禁止は*（建物近辺や人通りの多い歩道、子供たちの遊ぶ公園などに於ける喫煙
行為を除いて考察すれば）、強い医学的根拠に基づいていない活動であり、ヒステリックな要求を
呑むことは、かえって正しい活動をしているものへの信頼性を喪失させることになる。
*（　）内の注釈は禁煙席ネット宮本の意見を挿入。

もし、タバコ会社が禁煙の政策に同調するようなら、あなたがその政策を支持することが本当に
正しいのが再度吟味してみる必要がある。もしタバコ会社が本当に屋外での規制処置で副流煙
被害を救えると感じるならタバコ会社はそのような禁止措置を支持しないだろう。多分、それを
非難するか、それから注意をそらすであろう。レストラン、バー、カジノなど屋内職場での喫煙
全面禁止こそより重要であり、瞬間的に消え去る公園、街路での喫煙に対して力を注いで行く
べきではない。（ シモン・チャプマン、シドニー大学公衆衛生校教授 ）


分煙推進で洗脳行為するタバコ会社
Tobacco industry promotes to establish a separate smoking room in a restaurant and pub for smokers,
trying to control the mind of all Japanese people by a repeated TV commercial.



　2008年11月執筆　　2009年12月加筆
禁煙席ネット主宰　日本禁煙学会認定専門医　 医学博士　宮本順伯
本文および写真の著作権は宮本順伯に帰属
写真複写禁止
★「禁煙席ネット」へのリンクは自由

The article was written in November 2008, and revised in December 2009,
by Junhaku Miyamoto, M.D., PhD.